Hypertension High Blood Pressure Health Center

Overview & Facts

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, affects millions -- even children and teens. WebMD's High Blood Pressure Guide has all the information you need to understand and manage your blood pressure. Learn all about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Even discover natural ways to manage your blood pressure and stay well. Let's get started!

Atrial Septal Defects

About Atrial Septal Defects

An atrial septal defect (ASD) — sometimes referred to as a hole in the heart — is a type of congenital heart defect in which there is an abnormal opening in the dividing wall between the upper filling chambers of the heart (the atria).

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - Risks & Benefits

How your heart works

Your heart is located under the ribcage in the center of your chest between your right and left lungs.A normal, healthy, adult heart is about the size of an average fist:

Ileus Treatment & Management

Medical Care

The management of ileus may vary greatly depending on the nature of the disease and the surgical procedure. Management of ileus starts with correction of underlying medical conditions, electrolyte abnormalities, and acid base abnormalities.

Histerektomy indication

Hysterectomy is the most common non–pregnancy-related major surgery performed on women in the United States. This surgical procedure involves removal of the uterus and cervix, and for some conditions, the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Inguinal hernia surgey

Hernias are abnormal protrusions of a viscus (or part of it) through a normal or abnormal opening in a cavity (usually the abdomen). They are most commonly seen in the groin; a minority are paraumbilical or incisional. In the groin, inguinal hernias are more common than femoral hernias.

SEPTOPLASTY & TURBINATE SURGERY

INTRODUCTION
Nasal obstruction is a fairly common problem. Patients with nasal obstruction have trouble breathing through their nose. This can force them to breathe through their mouth, leading to a sensation of a dry mouth. In many patients, these symptoms get worse at night when they are lying flat. This can cause them to have less restful sleep. 

Colon Cancer

Colon cancer is the most common type of gastrointestinal cancer. It is a multifactorial disease process, with etiology encompassing genetic factors, environmental exposures (including diet), and inflammatory conditions of the digestive tract.

Surgery currently is the definitive treatment modality. The image below depicts standard colectomies for adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Standard colectomies for adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Knee arthroscopy

Knee arthroscopy is surgery that uses a tiny camera to look inside your knee. Small cuts are made to insert the camera and small surgical tools into your knee for the procedure.   

Mitral Valve Disease: Stenosis and Regurgitation

CHAPTER SECTION LINKS

• Mitral stenosis
• Mitral regurgitation
• Mitral valve prolapse

Thalassemia and Beta Thalassemia

New developments in the epidemiology, treatment and prognosis of thalassemia have dramatically altered the approach to the care of affected patients, and these developments are likely to have an even greater impact in the next few years. Demographic changes have required an awareness and understanding of the unique features of thalassemia disorders that were previously uncommon in North America but are now seen more frequently in children and recognized more consistently in adults.             

Bipolar disoreder simptoms and treatement

Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts in the other direction, you may feel euphoric and full of energy. Mood shifts may occur only a few times a year or as often as several times a week.

Vitreomacular Interface Diseases

Pathophysiology of Vitreomacular Traction

In symptomatic VMA, the continuous tangential and antero posterior stretching on the macula can lead to VMT, w

Acute Renal Failure Complications

Lack of a systematic definition of acute renal failure (ARF) previously led to significant confusion clinically and in the medical literature. In 2004, the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group published the RIFLE classification of ARF, based on changes from the patient's baseline either in serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or urine output (UO).

Acute Appendicitis

What is acute appendicitis?

Acute appendicitis is a rapidly progressing inflammation of a small part of the large intestine called the appendix. The appendix is a pouch-like structure located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen near the area where the small intestine joins the large intestine. The exact function of the appendix is not known.

Intramedullary Nailing Systems

The use of intramedullary nails has become the standard for many fracture types because of its many advantages. Synthes offers a comprehensive range of intramedullary nailing systems, as well as reaming products to address a large variety of fracture patterns in many anatomic locations.

Synthes is dedicated to providing products to improve current treatments in orthopaedic trauma surgery.

Please refer to the package insert for a complete list of indications, contraindications, precautions and warnings.

For further information on Synthes products, please contact your local Synthes representative.

Titanium Trochanteric Fixation Nail System (TFN)

The TFN permits an intramedullary approach for fixation of proximal femur fractures. When compared to single lag screw fixation, the TFN with helical blade exhibits improved resistance to varus collapse and rotational control of the medial fracture segment, yielding superior life to cut out.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Understand Your Risk for Arrhythmia

Expected changes in heart rate occur during physical activity, stress or excitement, and sleep.

The prevalence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias tends to increase with age, even when there's no clear sign ofcoronary heart disease.

Cataracts And Your Eyes

A clouding or loss of transparency of the lens in the eye as a result of tissue breakdown and protein clumping. There are many causes ofcataracts, including aging, cortisone medication, trauma, diabetes, and other diseases. Cataracts affect most people who live into an old age. Symptoms include double or blurred vision and sensitivity to light and glare. A physician can diagnose cataracts by examining the eyes with a viewing instrument. Sunglasses can help to prevent cataracts.

Acetabulum Fracture

For the patient with a traumatized acetabulum, accurate radiographic diagnosis and classification are the cornerstones of effective clinical care. Acetabular fractures are caused by high kinetic energy, and satisfactory management requires differentiation of the fracture types. The classification system of Judet and Letournel has led to improved management of such injuries. However, trauma-related acetabular fractures are often complex, with multiple fragments and secondary fracture lines. Computed tomography (CT) provides information regarding the extent of the fracture and is complementary to radiography for ascertaining the spatial arrangement of fracture fragments. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of CT data can be helpful in understanding the complex fracture patterns.

Acetabular fractures are often complex injuries and the result of high-energy trauma with associated injuries. Understanding and classification of these rare injuries using radiography can be difficult and are much facilitated by the addition of CT.

Bipolar Affective Disorder Treatment & Management

Bipolar affective disorder, or manic-depressive illness (MDI), is a common, severe, and persistent mental illness. This condition is a serious lifelong struggle and challenge.

Signs and symptoms

Bipolar affective disorder is characterized by periods of deep, prolonged, and profound depression that alternate with periods of an excessively elevated or irritable mood known as mania.

cholecistitis acute and tratement

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs most commonly because of an obstruction of the cystic duct from cholelithiasis. Uncomplicated cholecystitis has an excellent prognosis; the development of complications such as perforation or gangrene renders the prognosis less favorable.

Tympanoplasty Surgery

Surgery to reconstruct the tympanic membrane (eardrum) can be performed either under local or general anesthesia.

Top 3 Benefits of Rhinoplasty

Many types of plastic surgery procedures fall under the cosmetic surgery procedures category only. This isn't to imply there is anything wrong with using plastic surgery for cosmetic purposes.

Risk of general anesthesia

Anaesthesia is from the Greek and means 'loss of sensation'. Anaesthesia allows invasive and painful procedures to be performed with little distress to the patient.

Autism behavior and treatement

History

Behavioral and developmental features that suggest autism include the following:

• Developmental regression
• Absence of protodeclarative pointing
• Abnormal reactions to environmental stimuli
• Abnormal social interactions
• Absence of symbolic play
• Repetitive and stereotyped behavior

Meniscus Injuries Treatment & Management

Meniscal injuries may be the most common knee injury. Meniscus tears (see the image below) are sometimes related to trauma, but significant trauma is not necessary. A sudden twist or repeated squatting can tear the meniscus.

Leukemias

Ocular complications

• Posterior segment complications from bone marrow transplants were seen in 13% of patients. Among the complications seen were vitreous hemorrhage, infectious retinitis, cotton-wool spots, and retinal detachment.
• Radiation retinopathy has been reported to occur in patients undergoing bone marrow transplant and high-dose chemotherapy and who received low-dose teletherapy. High-dose chemotherapy may lower the threshold for radiation retinopathy.

How to Have an Acne Free Face

Everyone wants an acne-free face. But let's face it — not everyone is willing to do the things that are necessary to free your complexion from dirt, oil, and inflammation. At the end of the day, however, an acne-free face is completely doable. Read on for some helpful hints about how to achieve it.

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Facts about osteoporosis

Literally means "porous bone." This disease is characterized by too little bone formation, excessive bone loss, or a combination of both, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine and wrist.

The Top 11 Health Benefits of Sex

Many people associate a healthful lifestyle with habits that are not always the most fun… like grueling workouts or skipping dessert. But this is a misconception, as many of the healthiest habits are also among the most rewarding.

Artrit rheumatoid? how exercise control it...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown cause. The hallmark feature of this condition is persistent symmetric polyarthritis (synovitis) that affects the hands and feet, though any joint lined by a synovial membrane may be involved. Extra-articular involvement of organs such as the skin, heart, lungs, and eyes can be significant. (See Clinical Presentation.)

Osteoporosis

Pathophysiology

It is increasingly being recognized that multiple pathogenetic mechanisms interact in the development of the osteoporotic state. Understanding the pathogenesis of osteoporosis starts with knowing how bone formation and remodeling occur.

The effects of drugs

Drug abuse can be very harmful to your health. We look at some of the most commonly taken illegal drugs, what they are, and how they can affect you.

Smoking Kills: 6 Major Organs Damaged By Cigarette Smoke

As the smoke hits your lungs, the chemicals it contains begin to work their way throughout the rest of your body. włodi, CC 

Mucous isn’t even the half of it. Neither is losing all sense of stamina, or coming home to a stale-smelling house with yellowed walls and furniture. No, the biggest consequences of smoking are, by and large, one you will never see. These, however, tend to be the deadliest.

Hepatitis B all we have to know

Key facts

• Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease.
• The virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person.
• An estimated 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen positive for at least 6 months).
• Approximately 780 000 persons die each year from hepatitis B infection -- 650 000 from cirrhosis and liver cancer due to chronic hepatitis B infection and another 130 000 from acute hepatitis B.1
• Hepatitis B is an important occupational hazard for health workers.
• However, it can be prevented by currently available safe and effective vaccine.

Breast cancer all metods of tratment

Key Points for This Section

• There are different types of treatment for patients with breast cancer.
• Six types of standard treatment are used:
  • Surgery
  • Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Hormone therapy
  • Targeted therapy
• New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
  • High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
• Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
• Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
• Follow-up tests may be needed.

Acute sinusitis

Epidemiology

Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year.

Tetralogy of fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot, which is one of the most common congenital heart disorders, comprises right ventricular (RV) outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) (infundibular stenosis), ventricular septal defect (VSD), aorta dextroposition, and RV hypertrophy (see the image below). The mortality rate in untreated patients reaches 50% by age 6 years, but in the present era of cardiac surgery, children with simple forms of tetralogy of Fallot enjoy good long-term survival with an excellent quality of life.

Anatomic findings in tetralogy of Fallot.

Aortic dissections classification

Classification of aortic dissection

Percentage	60%	10–15%	25–30%
Type	DeBakey I	DeBakey II	DeBakey III
	Stanford A (Proximal)		Stanford B (Distal)

Several different classification systems have been used to describe aortic dissections. The systems commonly in use are based on either the anatomy of the dissection or the duration of onset of symptoms prior to presentation. The Stanford system is used more commonly now, as it is more attuned to the management of the patient.

Coronary Artery Disease - Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease is a common term for the buildup of plaque in the heart’s arteries that could lead to heart attack. But what about coronary artery disease? Is there a difference?  

The short answer is often no — health professionals frequently use the terms interchangeably.

However, coronary heart disease , or CHD, is actually a result of coronary artery disease, or CAD, said Edward Fisher, M.D., Ph.D., an American Heart Association volunteer who is the Leon H. Charney Professor of Cardiovascular Disease and director of the Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease at the NYU School of Medicine.

With coronary artery disease, plaque first grows in the coronary arteries until the blood flow to the heart’s muscle is limited. View an illustration of coronary arteries. This is also called ischemia. It may be chronic, caused by narrowing of the coronary artery and limitation of the blood supply to part of the muscle. Or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden plaque that ruptures.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, andgestational diabetes.